![]() The detection and assessment of DNA damage like DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are of interest in clinical diagnostics, cancer research, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, forensics and life sciences ( 6- 10). Cells counteract DNA damage events by various repair mechanisms like non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR) ( 2), mismatch repair and base or nucleotide excision repair ( 3- 5). DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms signal the presence of DNA damage and exert their repair by often redundant pathways. ĭeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is exposed to several endogenous as well as exogenous factors that can profoundly change and damage its structure and function ( 1). Received: 01 March 2018 Accepted: 22 April 2019 Published. Keywords: Bioimage informatics DNA damage response (DDR) double-strand break (DSB) immunofluorescence microscopy open source software Programming languages, like Python, are discussed briefly. Software packages like CellProfiler and Icy enable to gain high-content information about DSB biomarkers. This review gives an overview of open source image processing software packages, including graphical user interfaces (GUIs) such as CellProfiler, Icy and ImageJ/Fiji. There are numerous software solutions for the analysis of foci. This includes, for example, pre-processing, transformation and presentation of the data in a less complex structure for further data analysis. This requires software tools that are suitable for the analysis of large complex data sets, even for users with limited experience in digital image processing. The quantification and characterization of foci ideally uses large cell numbers to achieve statistical validity. The correlation between the number of foci and the number of DSBs makes them a useful tool for quantification of DNA damage in precision medicine, forensics and cancer research. DSB biomarkers, like phosphorylated histone 2AX (γH2AX) and p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), are detectable by immunofluorescence as either foci or distinct patterns in the vicinity of DSBs. DSBs initiate repair mechanisms by recruiting sensor proteins and mediators. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research MisconductĪbstract: DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical cellular lesions that represent a high risk for genetic instability.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.Then trace the outline of the fiber array prepared on a sheet of translucent paper (see Fig.The next comb is then removed, so exposing the fibres which constitute the next length group and these are removed and laid next to the first set of fibres, making sure that all the fibres are laid with a common base line. The exposed fibers are then removed by the grip and laid on a black velvet pad.The rear combs are moved out of the way one at a time until the ends of the longest fibers are exposed.The sample is pressed down into the bottom combs and the top combs are then lowered onto the sample.The whole sample is then transferred in this way, a few fibers at a time, to position B at the other end of the combs and placed there so that the fiber ends coincide with the first comb.The end of the bundle is straightened by gripping the ends of the outermost fibers with a wide clamp and withdrawing them a few at a time.A bundle of fibers prepared by one of the zoning methods is straightened by hand and pressed into the lower set of combs is impaled in the combs with the ends of fibers protruding, as illustrated in the left-hand side of Fig.A.1) This instrument consists of a two set of combs (top & bottom) arranged at fixed intervals to hold the fibers and keep them straight.Ģ) Here 8 top combs and 9 bottom combs are used, each comb are spaced 6 mm (¼ inch) apart except the first two bottom comb which is 3/16 inch apart.ģ) The distance from a row of bottom needles to a row of top needles is 3mm ( 1/8 inch).Ĥ) An aluminum depressor, grip, teasing needles, velvet pad etc. ![]()
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